No links with any definitive historical information, so this is just some logic being used. The first "chucks" would have been separate bolt on screw adjustable jaws for use on what was at the time the usual standard and slotted face plates. Likely and not much later, today's independent 4 jaw would have been invented with additional improvements for higher precision jaw guidance etc. would have evolved into much like we have today. The invention date of precision surface grinding could likely be linked to that as well. 3 jaw scroll chucks would have been a logical later development, your 1840 date for example. Highly refined heat treatable steel alloys were expensive and about impossible to find before the Bessemer process was invented in 1856. So that date coincides somewhat with your dates for the invention of the scroll chuck. Invented and in common general use are two different things obviously. At best and prior to that date, then cast iron would have been used. Not impossible that iron was purposely hardened just by rapid cooling. Overall I'd think but don't know for sure given the high carbon cutting tools prior to the invention of HSS around 1900, those chuck jaws were probably unhardened anyway and meant to be trued after wear became a factor.
Again and only my best guess, but hardened jaws to resist wear and added soft top jaws would have been developed once that steel refining process made proper and dependable heat treatable steel alloys a lot cheaper. Roughly that would have been after 1862. Not illogical to assume two piece and soft top jaws might have been introduced prior to 1900. But nailing down an exact date might be as difficult as finding out if the Morse Tool Company really invented the Morse Taper, when they did, and why or if they did, then why they chose those varying and irrational uneven taper angles that aren't consistent between sizes. The precise information about the invention date and use of those two piece jaws is I would think very likely unknown today. And patent dates don't always coincide with what was already in known general use. Someone frustrated enough and who didn't have an available tool post grinder was probably the inventor of that soft jaw idea. :-)